Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid) ranks among the high-volume chemicals produced microbially, with an annual world production volume in the range of 370 000 MT. PLA is a polymer that is considered a green alternative to petroleum-derived plastics due to its biodegradability and reduced carbon footprint [5]. But there are several equations of Lactic acid fermentation, as lactic acid is produced in different ways. Lactic acid is used since 1990s as a fine chemical (production 60 000–80 000 tons yr−1). But it is an end product of. Lactic acid is used in tanning leather and dyeing wool; as a flavouring agent and preservative in processed cheese, salad dressings, pickles, and carbonated beverages; and as a raw material or a catalyst in numerous chemical processes. Both batch and continuous processes can be used for producing lactic acid, but commercial scale processes generally are operated in the batch mode. They are fastidious in terms of nutrient requirements, which often complicates product recovery, and additionally, incomplete or negligible pentose utilization [19, 20] excludes the use of xylose, the second most abundant sugar in nature, in fermentation processes. Since this early work, lactic acid bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus and molds in the genus Rhizopus have been employed in manufacturing lactic acid. Corrections? It was one of the earliest organic acids used in foods. But there are several equations of Lactic acid fermentation, as lactic acid is produced in different ways. Iara M. Linhares, ... Steven S. Witkin, in Microbiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and other Strategic Applications, 2019. What are the End Products of Fermentation. Ethyl lactate can be utilized in a variety of green solvents, and although its low human toxicity relative to hydrocarbon alternatives is attractive, price is cited as the primary reason for its limited market use [1]. The formula for lactic acid (also called lactate) is C3H6O3. Commercial applications of lactic acid and its salts or esters include foods, cosmetics and personal care products, cleaning agents in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, and in biodegradable polymers for medical devices or for packaging materials. Figure 1. Lactic acid is present in many foods both naturally and as a product of in situ fermentation, as in sauerkraut, yogurt, and many other fermented foods. Lactic acid is an organic acid generated by microbial fermentation. The main drawbacks are the manipulation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), the production of (NH4)2SO4 (1 eq), and the complex purification steps to obtain food-grade lactic acid because the racemic acid is obtained. Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) is a chiral molecule with two optical enantiomers, l(+) and d(–), widely used by the pharmaceutical, plastics, food, and cosmetic industries (VickRoy, 1985). Hyun-Dong Shin, ... Rachel R. Chen, in Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources, 2007. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. Glucose + 2ADP +2NAD+ → Pyruvic acid + 2 ATP +2NADH; Pyruvic acid + 2NADH → Lactic acids + 2 NAD+. Addition of D lactic acid by vaginal Lactobacilli further contributes to well-being. When pKa is close to pH, there is an ideal balance between salt and acidity, maximizing effectiveness of the acid and reducing irritation. It is, therefore, reasonable to project that lactic acid in the vagina similarly functions to diminish the magnitude and facilitate the resolution of inflammatory responses at this site that may be induced due to daily exposure to microorganisms and chemicals in the external environment.